In his honor, 80 years after his execution, a Stolperstein stone will be laid today in front of the Catalan Government’s headquarters in Barcelona – though, of course, the process to secure a commemorative stumbling stone for him was not free of controversy either.

Lluís Companys was a lawyer from the small town of El Tarròs, in Catalonia’s western agricultural region near Lleida. He founded Esquerra Republicana, the still existing Republican Left party, alongside Francesc Macià in 1931. That same year, King Alfonso XIII went into exile leading to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.

In fact, when the second republic was declared on 14 April, Macià, who at the time was the president of Catalonia, proclaimed that Catalonia was a republic within the Iberian Federation, although this Catalan republic only managed to last a total of 3 days.

Proclamation of a Catalan state

Companys, who had been the Catalan parliament speaker as well as Spain’s Minister of the Marine, became Catalonia’s president in 1934 after Macià’s death on Christmas Day 1933. Not even a year later, and as conservatives ruled in Spain once again, on October 6 Companys declared that Catalonia was “a state within Spain’s federal republic” – though he quickly surrendered after military forces attacked the Catalan government headquarters in Barcelona.

“October 6th falls within the context of the confrontation between the Catalan government and the [newly elected right-wing] Spanish government,” explains University of Barcelona historian Teresa Abelló Güell. This was due to “a bill approved by the Catalan parliament relating to agricultural contracts in the Catalan countryside,” which, following disapproval from landowners and other conservative factions, was struck down by Spain’s Court of Constitutional Guarantees.

For this, Companys was sentenced to 30 years behind bars but then pardoned in 1936 once the left regained power in Spain, reclaiming his post as president of Catalonia again shortly thereafter.

Exile, arrest and execution

On 17 July 1937, military officers headed by Francisco Franco staged a coup against the Second Republic, marking the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Companys remained loyal to the republic and helped coordinate resistance against the insurgents with the creation of the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia.

But by 1939 it became clear that Franco would win the war. The Catalan president ended up fleeing to France, as did hundreds of thousands of other republicans in what is known as ‘La retirada’. His exile was shortlived, however: in 1940, Companys was arrested by German secret police in Brittany, who handed him back to Spain’s Francoist authorities.

“He is then court-martialed. Clearly, there were no legal guarantees. It was a pure and simple court-martial and his sentence had been decided well beforehand,” says Abelló. Companys’ remains lie at Fossar de la Pedrera, a memorial space inside the Montjuïc cemetery dedicated to victims of fascist repression and Civil War-era bombings.

Controversial legacy

In a country that, during its transition to democracy following dictator Franco’s death in 1975, made a “pact to forget” its past and has only more recently made some attempts to deal with its darkest moments, it should come as no surprise that Companys’ legacy is divisive.

Indeed, while more conservative and far-right factions view his memory as a threat to the unity of Spain, the pro-independence camp as a whole, as well as other non-nationalist left-wing sympathizers, remember Companys as the only democratically-elected president executed by fascism in Europe.

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