On 1 October, Catalonia celebrated the fourth anniversary of the 2017 independence referendum. During the weekend, civil society and pro-independence parties commemorate the event that marks a before and after in the history of Catalonia. The aim is to reaffirm the democratic mandate which emerged from the referendum, in which 90% voted in favour of independence.

The referendum, led by exiled Catalan president Carles Puigdemont, remains a crucial milestone for the pro-independence movement, not only because the plebiscite was held despite Spain’s opposition, but also due to the violence of Spanish police towards voters that day, which left over 1,000 people injured according to the Catalan government health department.

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